Quantifying the timing of signaling has now become routine with the application of equations in familiar curve fitting software to estimate the rates of signaling from the waveform. Measuring signaling kinetics in live cells has been transformed by the adoption of fluorescent biosensors and dyes that convert biological signals into optical signals that are conveniently recorded by microscopic imaging or by fluorescence plate readers. Understanding the timing of signaling events mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors is necessary to elucidate the mechanism of action of therapeutics targeting the nervous system. Fast excitatory synapses at boutons (ms and μm), and slow modulation over entire dendritic arbors (seconds and mm) are all ultimately combined to produce behavior. Neurons integrate inputs over different time and space scales. 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.2Montana Molecular, Bozeman, MT, United States.
1Pharmechanics LLC, Owego, NY, United States.Tewson 2, Shivani Sachdev 3 †, Mark Connor 3, Thomas E.
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